Series Archives

VEC1 – Judas – Villains of the Early Church with Mike Aquilina – Discerning Hearts Podcast

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Episode 1 – Judas – “Villains of the Early Church: And How They Made Us Better Christians“

Mike Aquilina and Kris McGregor reflect on Judas Iscariot and how his story reveals both the mystery of sin and the depth of divine mercy. Aquilina discusses how Judas, once chosen and loved by Christ, distorted his God-given gifts through betrayal. Rather than seeing Judas as a simple caricature of evil, we should take a more reflective approach—considering what Jesus might have seen in Judas and recognizing that his fall mirrors the ways all people can misuse their calling. They touch on Judas’ possible motives—greed, disappointment, or confusion—and his tragic despair that led to suicide. Despite this, the early Church maintained hope for God’s mercy, recalling stories such as St. John Vianney’s counsel that even in one’s final moments, God’s grace can reach a soul.

Anger toward those who have hurt us can imprison the heart and how offering such people to God—especially in the Mass—can bring deep spiritual peace. Mike Aquilina also examines the Gospel of Judas, a second-century Gnostic text that recasts Judas as a hero, which was rejected by the Church for lacking authentic human and divine truth.

Discerning Hearts Reflection Questions

How does seeing Judas as someone once loved and chosen by Christ change the way you view those who have betrayed you?
In what ways might you, like Judas, misuse the gifts or responsibilities God has entrusted to you?
How do you respond when you feel disillusioned with God’s plans not aligning with your own?
What does Judas’ despair teach you about the importance of trusting in God’s mercy, even after grave sin?
How can you bring those who have hurt you to the altar in prayer, as an offering for healing and reconciliation?
When have you struggled to forgive, and what spiritual practices help you release anger or resentment?
How does reflecting on the mystery of Judas’ repentance deepen your understanding of divine mercy?
What does the Church’s refusal to declare anyone definitively in hell reveal about God’s justice and love?
How can you imitate Jesus’ response to betrayal in your own relationships and community life?
In what ways can the story of Judas move you to greater humility, compassion, and hope in your spiritual journey?

An excerpt from Villains of the Early Church

“What happened to Judas? Was it simple greed that snapped him? That seems unlikely. Thirty pieces of silver was a good bit of money, but Judas was doing all right with his embezzling racket. The Gospels don’t tell us his motivation most likely because their writers just didn’t know. It was a mystery to them as it is to us. And a lot of the Christian legends that later grew up about Judas seem like popular attempts to psychoanalyze him.

Judas was also present for the Last Supper, having a miserable time as Jesus told the disciples that one of them would betray him: “The Son of man goes as it is written of him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! It would have been better for that man if he had not been born” (Matthew 26:24).

John tells us that the disciple whom Jesus loved—John himself—asked Jesus who the betrayer would be. “It is he to whom I shall give this morsel when I have dipped it,” Jesus responded, and then dipped the morsel and handed it to Judas. Yet the others still didn’t understand what Jesus meant when he said to Judas, “What you are going to do, do quickly” (John 13:26–27). Was he sending Judas out to buy more food? Or to make a donation to the poor from the money box?

“So, after receiving the morsel, he immediately went out,” John says, adding the significant detail “and it was night.” Judas walked out of the Last Supper and into the very symbolic darkness (John 13:30).

But he knew where to look for Jesus when he came with the police. Judas and the rest of the disciples had often been with Jesus in that pleasant park across the Kidron Valley, the garden of Gethsemane (see John 18:2; Mark 14:32). That was where Judas led the soldiers to arrest Jesus.”

Aquilina, Mike. Villains of the Early Church: And How They Made Us Better Christians (Kindle Locations 190-203). Emmaus Road Publishing. Kindle Edition.

You can find the book on which this series is based here.

**For more episodes in the Villians of the Early Church podcast visit here – Villains of the Early Church – Discerning Hearts Podcast**

Mike Aquilina is a popular author working in the area of Church history, especially patristics, the study of the early Church Fathers.^[1] He is the executive vice-president and trustee of the St. Paul Center for Biblical Theology, a Roman Catholic research center based in Steubenville, Ohio. He is a contributing editor of Angelus (magazine) and general editor of the Reclaiming Catholic History Series from Ave Maria Press. He is the author or editor of more than fifty books, including The Fathers of the Church (2006); The Mass of the Early Christians (2007); Living the Mysteries (2003); and What Catholics Believe(1999). He has hosted eleven television series on the Eternal Word Television Network and is a frequent guest commentator on Catholic radio.

Mike Aquilina’s website is found at fathersofthechurch.com

WOM11 – The Liturgy of the Eucharist, pt. 3 – The Way of Mystery with Deacon James Keating – Discerning Hearts Podcast

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The Liturgy of the Eucharist, Part 3 – The Way of Mystery with Deacon James Keating

Deacon James Keating reflects on the deep meaning of the Our Father and the moments that follow it in the Eucharistic liturgy. Christ not only left His Body and Blood as an enduring gift but also gave His Church the perfect words with which to approach the Father. The Our Father reveals the intimacy between the Son and the Father, inviting the faithful to share in that divine relationship. Heaven is this very communion of love among the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—a reality that the Mass allows us to enter even now. When we pray “Thy will be done,” we participate in Christ’s obedience and goodness, asking to be drawn into the Father’s will. The prayer for “daily bread” points both to the Eucharist and to our need for divine nourishment that sustains virtue and forgiveness. Before receiving this bread, we are called to forgive others, renounce attachment to sin, and trust God for deliverance from evil. The Our Father thus becomes the very language of reconciliation—the way heaven meets earth through Christ.

The Sign of Peace and the Lamb of God are moments that prepare the heart for communion. Peace means more than the absence of conflict—it is communion itself, the fruit of reconciliation through Christ. The repeated invocation “Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world” brings awareness of our dependence on divine mercy and the innocent power of Christ’s sacrifice. The priest’s private prayers before communion highlight fidelity to truth, interior healing, and the grace that restores what sin has fractured. We should not treat the Eucharist as a personal right or mere symbol. Receiving Christ’s true Body and Blood requires faith, repentance, and integrity of conscience; to receive unworthily is to lie before God. The Eucharist is the mystery of divine love offered to the reconciled—a gift we could never deserve, yet one that heals and integrates us into the very life of the Trinity.

Discerning Hearts Reflection Questions

How does praying the Our Father during Mass draw you into the intimate relationship between Jesus and the Father?
In what ways do you experience the Eucharist as the meeting place of heaven and earth?
What does “Thy will be done” mean for your daily moral choices and spiritual surrender?
How can receiving your “daily bread” inspire greater trust in God’s goodness and providence?
Before receiving Communion, whom might you still need to forgive or seek forgiveness from?
How does the Sign of Peace call you to see others through God’s merciful eyes rather than their faults?
When you hear “Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world,” how aware are you of your need for mercy?
What does the priest’s silent prayer before Communion teach you about humility and fidelity to truth?
How has receiving the Eucharist brought healing or integration to areas of disunity in your life?
Do you approach Holy Communion as an undeserved gift of love rather than a personal entitlement?

Deacon James Keating, Ph.D., is a professor of Spiritual Theology and serves as a spiritual director at Kenrick Glennon Seminary in St. Louis, MO.

Check out Deacon Keating’s “Discerning Heart” page

DWG1 – Guided by Grace – The Discernment of God’s Will in Everyday Decisions with Fr. Timothy Gallagher – Discerning Hearts Podcast

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Guided by Grace – “What am I to do?” The Discernment of God’s Will in Everyday Decisions with Fr. Timothy Gallagher

Fr. Timothy Gallagher and Kris McGregor discuss how Christians can approach daily and major life decisions through the lens of St. Ignatius of Loyola’s teaching on discernment. Every choice—from small tasks to major vocational decisions—can be made in union with God when one seeks to act in harmony with His will. Discernment involves preparation through prayer, reflection, and the cultivation of spiritual freedom. Drawing from the Spiritual Exercises, he notes that a person must first clear away disordered attachments and form a heart that is ready to respond freely to God’s direction, much like Mary’s “Be it done unto me.”

Fr. Gallagher illustrates key principles with examples. Using a story involving a man named Kenneth to show us the choice between honesty and dishonesty shows that when a decision involves moral good versus evil, the right path is clear. Barbara’s pregnancy crisis highlights how Church teaching provides clarity in morally complex issues. Ruth’s dilemma about leading parish music while caring for her children reveals that God’s will often lies in fidelity to one’s vocation. Finally, Anthony’s struggle between family time and work illustrates how to handle ordinary choices through prayer, weighing circumstances, and learning from experience.

Discerning Hearts Reflection Questions:

How can I invite God into even the smallest daily decisions I make?
In what ways do I prepare my heart through prayer and the sacraments to better discern God’s will?
What attachments or desires might be keeping me from freely following what God asks of me?
How do I ensure my moral choices align with the teachings of the Church?
When faced with two good options, how can I discern which one best supports my vocation and responsibilities?
What helps me recognize God’s peace after I make a decision?
How can I grow in the disposition of Mary, saying “Be it done unto me according to your word”?
How do I learn from past decisions to recognize God’s guidance more clearly in the future?
When am I most tempted to rely on my own reasoning instead of seeking the Lord’s direction?
How can I cultivate a daily habit of asking God, “What do You want me to do in this moment?”

From The Discernment of God’s Will in Everyday Decisions:

“Three Times in which a Sound and Good Choice May Be Made

The first time is when God Our Lord so moves and attracts the will that, without doubting or being able to doubt, the devout soul follows what is shown to it, as St. Paul and St. Matthew did in following Christ our Lord.

The second time is when sufficient clarity and understanding is received through experience of consolations and desolations, and through experience of discernment of different spirits.

The third time is one of tranquility, when one considers first for what purpose man is born, that is, to praise God our Lord and save his soul, and, desiring this, chooses as a means to this end some life or state within the bounds of the Church, so that he may be helped in the service of his Lord and the salvation of his soul. I said a tranquil time, that is, when the soul is not agitated by different spirits, and uses its natural powers freely and tranquilly.

If the choice is not made in the first or second time, two ways of making it in this third time are given below.”

Father Timothy M. Gallagher, O.M.V., was ordained in 1979 as a member of the Oblates of the Virgin Mary, a religious community dedicated to retreats and spiritual formation according to the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Fr. Gallagher is featured on the EWTN series “Living the Discerning Life: The Spiritual Teachings of St. Ignatius of Loyola”. For more information on how to obtain copies of Fr. Gallaghers’s various books and audio which are available for purchase, please visit his website: frtimothygallagher.org

For the other episodes in this series check out Fr. Timothy Gallagher’s “Discerning Hearts” page

The Trap of Self-Righteous Prayer – Building a Kingdom of Love w/ Msgr. John Esseff – Discerning Hearts Podcast

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Msgr. Esseff reflects on the teaching of the Sacred Scriptures and on how we pray:

Gospel LK 18:9-14

Jesus addressed this parable
to those who were convinced of their own righteousness
and despised everyone else.
“Two people went up to the temple area to pray;
one was a Pharisee and the other was a tax collector.
The Pharisee took up his position and spoke this prayer to himself,
‘O God, I thank you that I am not like the rest of humanity —
greedy, dishonest, adulterous — or even like this tax collector.
I fast twice a week, and I pay tithes on my whole income.’
But the tax collector stood off at a distance
and would not even raise his eyes to heaven
but beat his breast and prayed,
‘O God, be merciful to me a sinner.’
I tell you, the latter went home justified, not the former;
for whoever exalts himself will be humbled,
and the one who humbles himself will be exalted.”

Msgr. John A. Esseff is a Roman Catholic priest in the Diocese of Scranton. Msgr. Esseff served as a retreat director and confessor to St. Teresa of Calcutta. He continues to offer direction and retreats for the sisters of the Missionaries of Charity around the world. Msgr. Esseff encountered St. Padre Pio, who would become a spiritual father to him. He has lived in areas around the world, serving in the Pontifical Missions, a Catholic organization established by Pope St. John Paul II to bring the Good News to the world, especially to the poor. He continues to serve as a retreat leader and director to bishops, priests and sisters and seminarians, and other religious leaders around the world.

WOM10 – The Liturgy of the Eucharist, pt. 2 – The Way of Mystery with Deacon James Keating – Discerning Hearts Podcast

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The Liturgy of the Eucharist, Part 2 – The Way of Mystery with Deacon James Keating

Deacon James Keating teaches us that the Mass is not the priest’s personal performance but the living action of Christ. Every sacramental act is Christ working through the priest, and the faithful are called to recognize this mystery rather than focus on personalities or efficiency. Silent participation during the Eucharistic Prayer allows worshipers to surrender their lives to Christ’s saving work, joining His sacrifice in love and trust.

The Eucharist is not a nostalgic memory but the continual presence of divine love. By entering into silence and recollection, the faithful receive the grace that enables true charity—loving others with Christ’s own power rather than mere friendliness—thus forming authentic Christian community.

Discerning Hearts Reflection Questions

How can I better recognize that the Mass is Christ’s action rather than the priest’s performance?
Do I enter Mass with a heart ready to be silent and surrendered to the mystery of Christ’s presence?
In what ways have I treated the liturgy as something to “get through” rather than a moment to linger with Christ?
How does my participation in the Eucharist shape my willingness to love and forgive others?
When I feel distant from God, can I trust that He loves me “more than ever” and seeks me out?
How might I prepare interiorly before Mass so that I can receive the grace being offered more deeply?
Do I allow Christ’s self-giving love in the Eucharist to transform my daily relationships and moral choices?
What distractions or attitudes keep me from fully entering into the silence and mystery of the Eucharistic prayer?
How does understanding the Eucharist as a living presence—not mere remembrance—change my devotion?
In what concrete ways can I let the Eucharist empower me to will the good of those who have hurt me?

Deacon James Keating, Ph.D., is a professor of Spiritual Theology and serves as a spiritual director at Kenrick Glennon Seminary in St. Louis, MO.

Check out Deacon Keating’s “Discerning Heart” page

The Prayer of St. John Paul II – Beginning to Pray with Dr. Anthony Lilles – Discerning Hearts Podcast

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The Prayer of St. John Paul II – Beginning to Pray with Dr. Anthony Lilles

Dr. Anthony Lilles and Kris McGregor reflect on the spiritual legacy of St. John Paul II. St. John Paul II’s profound theology of love, which he articulated during a 1976 retreat, tells us that love is the essence of creation and theology. Dr. Lilles recounts a personal encounter with John Paul II, noting his remarkable ability to connect deeply with individuals, even in a crowd. The pope’s openness and vulnerability, which manifested in his global travels and personal interactions, demonstrated his commitment to love and encounter.

His mysticism was not just theoretical but rooted in lived experience, shaping his understanding of the cosmos as centered on divine love.

St. John Paul II’s example for modern times offers hope and encouragement amidst struggles. His life serves as a reminder that God’s mercy is greater than any evil, and his continued intercession from heaven inspires believers to persevere in faith and love.

Discerning Hearts Reflection Questions

How do I see the structure of love manifesting in my relationship with God and others?
In what ways can I make myself more open and vulnerable in my relationships to better reflect Christ’s love?
How can I incorporate more intentional moments of prayer in my daily routine, following the example of St. John Paul II?
What are the sources of discouragement in my life, and how can I cultivate greater confidence in God’s love and mercy to overcome them?
How can I deepen my relationship with the saints, especially St. John Paul II and St. John XXIII, to guide and inspire my spiritual journey?
How am I called to actively share God’s love with others, ensuring that it is not only felt but expressed in my life?
How can I embody the same vulnerability that St. John Paul II showed, particularly in my encounters with those in need of hope and love?

For other episodes in the series visit the Discerning Hearts page for Dr. Anthony Lilles

Anthony Lilles, S.T.D., has served the Church and assisted in the formation of clergy and seminarians since 1994. Before coming to St. Patrick’s, he served at seminaries and houses of formation in the Archdiocese of Denver and the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. The son of a California farmer, married with young adult children, holds a B.A. in theology from the Franciscan University of Steubenville with both the ecclesiastical licentiate and doctorate in spiritual theology from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in Rome (the Angelicum). An expert in the writings of St. Elizabeth of the Trinity and the Carmelite Doctors of the Church, he co-founded the Avila Institute for Spiritual Formation and the High Calling Program for priestly vocations. He also founded the John Paul II Center for Contemplative Culture, which hosts symposiums, retreats, and conferences. In addition to his publications, he blogs at www.beginningtopray.com .

HSE13 – Contemplation to Attain the Love of God, pt. 2 – The Heart of the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola with Fr. Anthony Wieck S.J. – Discerning Hearts Podcasts

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Contemplation to Attain the Love of God, Part 2 – The Heart of the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola with Fr. Anthony Wieck S.J.

Fr. Anthony Wieck continues his reflection on St. Ignatius’ “Contemplation to Attain the Love of God.” He explains that this prayer is not a study in technique but a grace-filled invitation to let God act within us. The four movements of contemplation are: recognizing God’s sustaining presence in all creation; marveling at His ongoing labor in nature and human life; perceiving that every good gift descends from above; and responding by returning all things to God in gratitude. He highlights how St. Ignatius invites the soul to sit before these realities—to let the heart be filled with wonder, joy, and awareness of divine love that holds all things in being.

Using the daily Examen prayer is a practical way to live this awareness. By reviewing moments of grace each day, the soul begins to see God’s nearness in ordinary experiences and grows in grateful receptivity. This recognition transforms the heart, allowing love received to overflow naturally toward others. Such interior renewal naturally leads to mission, as one becomes a “living cell” within the Body of Christ.

Discerning Hearts Catholic Reflection Questions:

How do I recognize God’s sustaining presence in the ordinary details of my daily life?
In what ways can I allow myself to be filled with awe at God’s ongoing work in creation?
What prevents me from receiving God’s love fully and freely in prayer?
How can I grow in daily gratitude through the practice of the Examen?
Where have I seen God’s love flowing through others—or through me—to bless someone recently?
How do I experience being a “living cell” in the Body of Christ, connected to others in love and service?
What gifts or graces has God entrusted to me that I am called to return in loving response?
How might I pray the Anima Christi more intentionally as a way of drawing closer to Christ’s heart?
In moments of prayer, how do I let myself simply rest and bask in the presence of the Father?
How does receiving God’s love compel me to share that same love with the world around me?

Fr. Anthony Wieck is a Jesuit priest of the Central & Southern province. Sixth of nine children, raised on a farm in Oregon, Fr. Anthony began religious life in 1994, spending his first five years of formation in Rome, Italy, studying at the Casa Balthasar and the Gregorian. The former was under the watchful patronage of Pope Benedict XVI (then-Card. Joseph Ratzinger). Fr. Anthony currently acts as retreat master at White House Jesuit Retreat in St. Louis, Missouri. He also offers spiritual direction at the St. Louis diocesan seminary for 25 future priests there.

SD10 – Recalling the Responses to Spiritual Desolation – Spiritual Desolation: Be Aware, Understand, Take Action with Fr. Timothy Gallagher – Discerning Hearts Podcast

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Recalling the Responses to Spiritual Desolation – Spiritual Desolation: Be Aware, Understand, Take Action with Fr. Timothy Gallagher

In this episode, Fr. Timothy Gallagher explains that physical weakness, illness, lack of sleep, and emotional grief can make a person more susceptible to spiritual desolation. Such suffering often leads to exaggerated worries about the future, making desolation heavier than reality. In these moments, one must bring the struggle to prayer, share it with the Lord rather than keeping it inward, and remember that Christ and the Father are always near. Fr. Gallagher relates this to the Psalms, which model honest conversation with God. He also reflects on the importance of patience through trials, whether physical, emotional, or spiritual, and the need to open these experiences to divine companionship rather than isolation.

St. Ignatius of Loyola’s practical steps for confronting spiritual desolation (Rules 5–14) are as follows: remain steadfast in prior spiritual commitments, pray and reflect, practice patience, and recall that desolation is temporary and providentially permitted for growth. Personal journal examples illustrate how awareness and prayer can break the false narratives that desolation creates—especially the tendency to project darkness into the future. Through experiences of illness, fatigue, grief, and post-ministry exhaustion, Fr. Gallagher shows how prayer, truth, and grace restore peace. He concludes that both desolation and consolation are part of God’s providence: consolation strengthens joy and love, while desolation deepens spiritual maturity.

Discerning Hearts Reflection Questions:

How does recognizing the Eucharist as the “wellspring of divine charity” reshape your understanding of moral goodness?
In what ways can you make your offertory—both spiritual and material—a more authentic act of self-giving?
What does the mingling of water and wine at Mass teach you about humility and participation in Christ’s divinity?
How do you discern whether an encounter with God has truly moved you toward serving the poor and those in need?
When you witness the priest’s hand-washing ritual, how might you join interiorly in his prayer for purification?
What does the shift in prayer “through Christ to the Father” invite you to consider about obedience and dependence on God?
How can you support your parish priest in living out his vocation as a spiritual father rather than a mere leader or administrator?
What does Deacon Keating’s reflection reveal about your own attitude toward authority and obedience in the Church?
How might you respond when the truth of Church teaching challenges your comfort or cultural assumptions?
In what concrete ways can you pray for priests and help strengthen their courage to proclaim the Gospel faithfully?

From Setting the Captives Free: Personal Reflections on Ignatian Discernment of Spirits:

“The Enemy Claims Power over the Future”

“I wrote this next entry after a further surgery, when I could not yet see what lay ahead. The following are notes on a conversation of spiritual direction:

Ed spoke of the fear about the “what-ifs.” This is the taunting of the enemy, meant to discourage you, claiming power over the future. You’ll never return to active ministry, never be able to share community life as before. The enemy wants you to focus on what is dark, and to pull you into the future seen in this way.

The Holy Spirit is helping you to pray in this, and Mary is present to you. Turn quickly to the Lord, ask Mary’s intercession, in such times.

The enemy is all about the negatives, the “nos.” The truth, even on a medical level, is that there is progress, and you are getting stronger. The medical situations are moving ahead. There is real hope, and the Lord with his love is with you. So, be quick to turn away from the negative thoughts. Don’t even open the door! Renounce the lies. Even imagining what might happen is a temptation. Be in the present, be open to his grace today, surrender to his will today. As Ed said this, I realized that this I could do.

Surrender to his Heart as best you can today. The surrender is not a surrender to “the worst” but to his faithful love for you. This is the one you surrender to.

I found it very helpful to talk about this spiritual desolation and receive guidance regarding the enemy’s discouraging tactics (rule 13). This was a nonspiritual vulnerability after a surgery that gave the enemy an opening for spiritual desolation. A common trait of spiritual desolation—the enemy’s claim of power over the future, always seen in a dark light— was also evident that day. Ed’s advice to reject this tactic of the enemy immediately reflected Ignatius’s counsel in rule 12: resist in the very beginning, before the burden can grow. Ed was right, too, that objectively things were improving on the medical level. In the nonspiritual and spiritual desolation, I found it hard to see that on my own, and it was encouraging to hear Ed and recognize the truth of what he said.”

For the other episodes in this series check out Fr. Timothy Gallagher’s “Discerning Hearts” page

WOM9 – The Liturgy of the Eucharist, pt. 1 – The Way of Mystery with Deacon James Keating – Discerning Hearts Podcast

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The Liturgy of the Eucharist, Part 1 – The Way of Mystery with Deacon James Keating

Deacon James Keating explores how the Eucharist shapes moral life by transforming our conscience through divine charity. He explains that the Eucharist is the source of goodness because it is the wellspring of God’s love. By placing ourselves before this mystery, we are drawn into holiness and made capable of authentic charity. The offertory is not merely a financial gesture but a response to being filled with the Word of God—an act that symbolizes giving of self. The mingling of water and wine is a sign of our union with Christ’s divinity through humility and service, reminding us that true communion with Christ sends us toward those in need. The priest’s quiet prayer for purification before consecration reveals a deep awareness of human unworthiness and the immense grace of God’s invitation to holiness.

The shift in the Mass from prayers directed to Christ to those offered with Christ to the Father mirrors Jesus’ self-offering on the Cross and our participation in His obedience. He also reflects on the priest’s vocation as a sacramental presence of Christ—the bridge between God and His people. The priest’s role is not managerial but paternal, called to spiritual fatherhood that demands holiness, humility, and courage to teach truth even when unpopular. We shouldn’t reduce priesthood to leadership models devoid of spiritual depth: the priest must feed his people with truth rather than cultural opinions. The faithful, in turn, are called to pray fervently for their priests, that they may live their vocation with integrity and draw their communities into deeper communion with Christ.

Discerning Hearts Reflection Questions

How does recognizing the Eucharist as the “wellspring of divine charity” reshape your understanding of moral goodness?
In what ways can you make your offertory—both spiritual and material—a more authentic act of self-giving?
What does the mingling of water and wine at Mass teach you about humility and participation in Christ’s divinity?
How do you discern whether an encounter with God has truly moved you toward serving the poor and those in need?
When you witness the priest’s hand-washing ritual, how might you join interiorly in his prayer for purification?
What does the shift in prayer “through Christ to the Father” invite you to consider about obedience and dependence on God?
How can you support your parish priest in living out his vocation as a spiritual father rather than a mere leader or administrator?
What does Deacon Keating’s reflection reveal about your own attitude toward authority and obedience in the Church?
How might you respond when the truth of Church teaching challenges your comfort or cultural assumptions?
In what concrete ways can you pray for priests and help strengthen their courage to proclaim the Gospel faithfully?

Deacon James Keating, Ph.D., is a professor of Spiritual Theology and serves as a spiritual director at Kenrick Glennon Seminary in St. Louis, MO.

Check out Deacon Keating’s “Discerning Heart” page

St. Teresa of Avila, Part 2 – The Doctors of the Church: The Charism of Wisdom with Dr. Matthew Bunson – Discerning Hearts Podcast

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St. Teresa of Avila, Part 2 – The Doctors of the Church: The Charism of Wisdom with Dr. Matthew Bunson

Born: March 28, 1515, Gotarrendura, Spain
Died: October 4, 1582, Alba de Tormes, Spain
Nationality: Spanish

Dr. Matthew Bunson and Kris McGregor continue their look into the life, spirituality, and teachings of St. Teresa of Avila; her profound insights on prayer and the Christian journey towards holiness, and her view of prayer as an “exercise of love,” wherein true prayer entails a deep, loving relationship with God. St. Teresa, often misunderstood as simply mystical, rooted her spirituality in the Church and its sacraments. She sought not only personal sanctity but also communal guidance, sharing her wisdom with family, laypeople, and her Carmelite sisters.

St. Teresa’s progression from the “four waters” in her early work, The Life, to the “interior castle” in her later years reflects an evolving understanding of the spiritual life. This journey, as she outlines, requires humility, persistence, and a deep commitment to the sacraments. Teresa’s experiences, particularly her “interior castle” model, demonstrate that as one grows in prayer, there’s a structured journey with different stages of spiritual development, each needing discipline and grace.

For more on St. Teresa of Avila and her teachings, visit her Discerning Hearts page

Discerning Hearts Reflection Questions

How can you approach prayer as an exercise of love and deepen your relationship with God in your daily life?
Reflect on the Trinitarian nature of God’s love; how does this inspire you to share love with others?
In what ways do the sacraments of the Church support your spiritual journey and deepen your prayer life?
How can you cultivate humility as you strive to grow closer to God, avoiding pride in your prayer life?
What steps can you take to begin or deepen your practice of prayer using St. Teresa’s guidance?
As you reflect on Teresa’s stages of spiritual growth, where do you feel you are in your journey, and how can you continue to grow?
How can you surrender your desires to align more closely with God’s will for you?
What insights from Teresa’s “Interior Castle” can help you recognize and appreciate the stages of your own spiritual life?
How do you protect yourself from spiritual pride, especially when experiencing deeper moments in prayer?
How can you use the strength you gain from prayer to serve others, as Teresa encourages?

From Vatican.va, an excerpt from the teachings of Pope Benedict XVI

From the General Audience on St. Teresa of Avila

“It is far from easy to sum up in a few words Teresa’s profound and articulate spirituality. I would like to mention a few essential points. In the first place St Teresa proposes the evangelical virtues as the basis of all Christian and human life and in particular, detachment from possessions, that is, evangelical poverty, and this concerns all of us; love for one another as an essential element of community and social life; humility as love for the truth; determination as a fruit of Christian daring; theological hope, which she describes as the thirst for living water. Then we should not forget the human virtues: affability, truthfulness, modesty, courtesy, cheerfulness, culture.

Secondly, St Teresa proposes a profound harmony with the great biblical figures and eager listening to the word of God. She feels above all closely in tune with the Bride in the Song of Songs and with the Apostle Paul, as well as with Christ in the Passion and with Jesus in the Eucharist. The Saint then stresses how essential prayer is. Praying, she says, “means being on terms of friendship with God frequently conversing in secret with him who, we know, loves us” (Vida 8, 5). St Teresa’s idea coincides with Thomas Aquinas’ definition of theological charity as “amicitia quaedam hominis ad Deum”, a type of human friendship with God, who offered humanity his friendship first; it is from God that the initiative comes (cf. Summa Theologiae II-II, 23, 1).

Prayer is life and develops gradually, in pace with the growth of Christian life: it begins with vocal prayer, passes through interiorization by means of meditation and recollection, until it attains the union of love with Christ and with the Holy Trinity. Obviously, in the development of prayer climbing to the highest steps does not mean abandoning the previous type of prayer. Rather, it is a gradual deepening of the relationship with God that envelops the whole of life.

Rather than a pedagogy Teresa’s is a true “mystagogy” of prayer: she teaches those who read her works how to pray by praying with them. Indeed, she often interrupts her account or exposition with a prayerful outburst.

Another subject dear to the Saint is the centrality of Christ’s humanity. For Teresa, in fact, Christian life is the personal relationship with Jesus that culminates in union with him through grace, love and imitation. Hence the importance she attaches to meditation on the Passion and on the Eucharist as the presence of Christ in the Church for the life of every believer, and as the heart of the Liturgy. St Teresa lives out unconditional love for the Church: she shows a lively “sensus Ecclesiae”, in the face of the episodes of division and conflict in the Church of her time.

She reformed the Carmelite Order with the intention of serving and defending the “Holy Roman Catholic Church”, and was willing to give her life for the Church (cf. Vida, 33,5).

A final essential aspect of Teresian doctrine which I would like to emphasize is perfection, as the aspiration of the whole of Christian life and as its ultimate goal. The Saint has a very clear idea of the “fullness” of Christ, relived by the Christian. At the end of the route through The Interior Castle, in the last “room”, Teresa describes this fullness, achieved in the indwelling of the Trinity, in union with Christ through the mystery of his humanity.”

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Dr. Matthew E. Bunson is a Register senior editor and a senior contributor to EWTN News. For the past 20 years, he has been active in the area of Catholic social communications and education, including writing, editing, and teaching on a variety of topics related to Church history, the papacy, the saints and Catholic culture. He is faculty chair at Catholic Distance University, a senior fellow of the St. Paul Center for Biblical Theology, and the author or co-author of over 50 books including The Encyclopedia of Catholic History, The Pope Encyclopedia, We Have a Pope! Benedict XVI, The Saints Encyclopedia and best-selling biographies of St. Damien of Molokai and St. Kateri Tekakwitha.